The Stucture of section contains sentences that test
your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard
written English. These sentence include avariety of topics and give particular
advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.
The
type of structure of toefl are so many, as follow :
1.
The
Main Verb
You need to know in this section is
related to the fit between subject and verb (term: subject-verb agreement). All
the words in the English language must have a verb and subject. If the subject
is singular form of the verb must be singular form; if the subject plural form
of the verb must be plural.
Ø Examples
of questions in the TOEFL test:
Every
human typically have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in most cells.
A B C D
Analysis
questions:
The
answer you should choose answer B. Have supposedly has.
Subject
every sentence requires a singular human shaped singular verb form. Due to have
a plural form of the verb should have changed to has (singular of have).
2.
The
Simple Tenses
a.
Simple Present
In general, the simple present expresses
events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually, the exist now,
have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future.
Ø Example :
1. It snows in Alaska
2. I watch
television everyday
b.
Simple
Past
At one particular time in the future,
this will happened. It began and ended in the past.
Ø Example
: 1.
It snowed yesterday
2.
I
watched television last night
c. Simple
Future
At one particular time in the
future, this will happen.
Ø Example
: 1.
It will snow tomorrow
3. Noun Clauses
A noun is used as a subject or an
object. A noun clausis used as a subject or an object. In other words, a noun
clause is used in the same ways as a noun.
Ø Example
: 1.
(How old is he?) I don’t know how
old he is
2. (Which one does he
want?) Let’s ask him which one he was
4.
The
Progressive Tenses
The Progressive tenses give the idea that an action
is in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action begins
before, is in progress during, and continues after another time or action.
Be
+ -ing (Present Participle)
a.
Present
Progressive
He went to sleep at 10:00 to night. It
is now 11:00 and he is still a sleep. His sleep began in the past, is in
progress at the present time, and probably will continue.
Ø Example
: 1.
He is sleeping right now
b.
Past
Progressive
He went to sleep at 10:00 last night. I
arrived at 11:00. He was still a sleep. His sleep began before and was in
progress at a particular time in the past. It probably continue.
Ø Example
: 1.
He was sleeping when I
arrived
c.
Future
Progressive
He will go to sleep at 10:00 tomorrow
night. We will arrive at 11:00. The action of sleeping will begin before we
arrive and it will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Probably
his sleep will continue.
Ø Example
: 1.
He will be sleeping when we
arrive
5.
Modal
Auxiliaries
The modals auxiliaries in the English
are : can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will,
would. Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker’s attitudes, or “moods”.
For example, modals can expresess that a speaker feels something is necessary,
advisable, permissible, possible, or probable; and, in addition, they can
convey the strength of these attitudes.
Ø Example
: 1.
Correct : He can do it
Incorrect : He cans do it
6.
Conditional
Sentence
Frequently the time in the “ if clause “ and the
time in “ result clause “ are different : one clause may be in the present and
the other in the past. Notice that past and present times are mixed in the
sentences in the following examples.
simple
present -----> simple present
simple
present -----> will + simple form
Ø Example
: 1.
True : I did
not eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now.
Conditional : If I
had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I
would not be hungry now
7. The Perfect Tenses
The perfect tenses all give the
idea that one thing happens before another time or event.
Have + Past Participle
a. Present Perfect
I finished eating
sometime before now. The exact time is not important.
Ø Example
: 1.
I have already eaten
b. Past Perfect
Fist I finished eating.
Later they arrived. My eating was completely finished before another time in
the past.
Ø Example
: 1.
I had already eaten when they arrived
c. Future Perfect
First I finish eating.
Later they will arrive. My eating will be completely finished before another
time in the future.
Ø Example
: 1.
I will already have eaten when they arrive
8. The Perfect Progressive Tenses
The perfect progressive tenses give
the idea that one event is in progress immediately before, up to, until another
time or event. The tenses are used to expressvthe duration of the first event.
Have + Been + -ing (Presennt
Participle)
a. Present Perfect Progressive
Event in progress :
studying. When? Before now, up to now. How long? For two hours.
Ø Example
: 1.
I have been studying for two
hours.
b.
Past
Perfect Progressive
Event in progress : studying. When?
Before another event in the past. How long? For two hours.
Ø Example
: 1.
I had been studying for two
hours before my friend came.
c.
Future
Perfect Progressive
Event in progress : studying. When?
Before another event in the future. How long? For two hours.
Ø Example
: 1.
I will have been studying for
two hours by the time you arrive.
9.
Negative
Emphasis
Negative
Emphasis is dignakan phrases to answer the question "how Often?" And
dignakan at the beginning of the statement. Were included in the negative
emphasis is not one, not until, never, never again, very seldom, very rarely
Structure
Negative Emphasis + Auxiliary + S +
V
Ø Example
: 1.
Not one book has been read to prepare his thesis proposal
10.
Preposition
Preposition
is a word or phrase that describes a relationship. It should be noted that in
the TOEFL exam as follows :
- Differences Between
and Among
Between the two words
used to describe the object ( noun )
Ø Example
: 1.
There is a discussion between a student and his teacher
Among whereas used to
describe three or more noun or a plural noun ( noun prular )
Ø Example
: 1.
There is a discussion among Bill , Jimmy , and John
- Differences in , on ,
and at to show tempar
All three have the same
meaning to indicate the place , but using different
In : Shows great places
.
Ø Example
: 1.
Country , province , city, ocean , etc.
On : Shows the places
of intermediate size.
Ø Example
: 1.
Street , coast , river , lake , train , plane , ship , etc.
At : Shows the places
are small :
Ø Example
: 1.
A corner , a room , a class , a building , a car , a bus , etc.
- Differences in , on ,
at sebgai timepiece
In : Shows great time
unit .
Ø Example
: 1.
in 1992 , in June
On : Indicates
intermediate unit time .
Ø Example
: 1.
On Thursday
At : Indicates the unit
of time is small .
Ø Example
: 1.
At 9:30 pm
- Differences instead
and instead of
The same meaning : From
In
Instead : Teams want to
buy a dress instead
Instead Of : Used
before after the noun or adjective
Ø Example
: 1.
I want to buy a dress instead of a shirt
- Differences Because
and Because of
Because : It is the
conjunction , after sentence
11.
Comparison
Comparison
is used to compare adjectives ( adjectives ) . There are at least three types
Comparision in the English language that is comparative adjective , superlative
adjective , adjective irregular , irregular adjective
Comparative
Adjective :
Comparing two things ,
people , animals , objects , etc. . Comparative use more ( more ) and less (
less ) .
Meaning : More ...
When the adjective is
composed of a single word ( - er ) , when it consists of two words or more (
using more - and less ) . Example : Harder , More beautiful , less dangerous ,
Ø Example
: 1.
Ani is more beautiful than Yuni
Superlative Adjective :
Comparing more than two
things , people , animals , objects , etc.
Have a Meaning : Most
When the adjective is
composed of a single word ( - est ) , when it consists of two words or more (
using the most- and least ) . Example : Hardest , Most beautiful , least
dangerous ,
Ø Example
: 1.
Ani is more beautiful than Yuni
Irregular
Adjective :
Some particular
adjective does not follow the rules above do not beraturan.Di known as
Irregular Adjective .
Some irregular
adjective is often used
Comparative Adjective Superlaive
Little Less The
Least
Far Farther The Fartherst
Good Better Best
Bad Worse The Worst
Much More The
Most
Many More The
Most
12.
Correlative
Conjuction
Conjuction
are two correlative conjunctions are used in a sentence bersaman. often used
for menyetakan exclusion and coverage: Some correlative conjuction :
1)
Both ... and
Stating 2 parallel structure
Ø Example
: 1.
John teach both English and Match
2)
Both .... and ... as well as
Stating 3 parallel structure . John teach
both English and Match as well as physics
3)
Not Only ... But Also
Not only ... but also: Not only but also
4)
Neither and Either
Both of these refer to as negative
kunjungsi agreement. The difference
Neither: Used before
the Auxiliary Verb (+)
Ø Example
: 1.
Susi didn't t go to the party, and Neither did Tommy
Either: Used as
Auxiliary Verb (-)
Ø Example
: 1.
Susi didn't t go to the party, and Tommy did not Neither
13.
Used
to
Used to + VI = first regular /
first ever
Be used to + verb + ing
/ noun = unfamiliar, familiar
I used to sleep on a
mat = I used to sleep on a mat.
I'm used to sleeping on
a mat = I'm used to sleeping on a mattress.
Ø Examples
of questions in the TOEFL test:
1. Bess is used to fly after having crossed the
continent many times during the
A B C
past decade.
D
Analysis questions:
The answer you should
choose answer A. To fly is supposed to flying.
Be used to + verb +-ing.
14.
Gerund
(Verb-ing)
As in the previous point, there are some
verbs that need a gerund (-ing form) if coupled with other verbs: admit,
anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, Consider, delay, deny, discuss,
dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, Postpone, practice, quit,
recall, Recollect, recommend, resent, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate, suggest,
tolerate, understand.
Ø Examples
of questions in the TOEFL test:
Rita enjoyed to be Able
to meet several members of Congress during her
A B
C
vacation.
D
Analysis questions:
The answer you should
choose answer A. To be supposed being.
Enjoyed + gerund.
15.
Infinitive
There
are some verbs that need (to) infinitive if coupled with another verb: afford,
agree, Appear, arrange, ask, beg, care, claim, consent, decide, demand, expect,
fail, hesitate, learn, hope, manage , mean, need, offer, plan, prepare,
pretend, promise, refuse, seem, struggle, swear, threaten, volunteer, wait,
want, wish.
Ø Examples
of questions in the TOEFL test:
After being Indicated
for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster
A B C
Decided find another
attorney.
D
Analysis questions:
The answer you should
choose answer D. Find supposed to find.
Decided + to
infinitive.
16.
Will And
To Be Going To
A very
confusing concept is when to use will and
when to use be going to when we refer the future. Both refer to the future but there
is a slight difference but in most cases they can be used interchangeably with
no difference in meaning. Even if you misuse them, a native speaker is going to
understand you without any problems.
Will
· Positive
Subject +
Will + Verb-1
· Negative
Subject + Will + Not + Verb-1
· Questions
Will + Subject + Verb-1?
Be Going To
· Positive
Subject + To Be + Going
To + Verb-1
· Negative
Subject + To
Be + Not + Going
To + Verb-1
· Questions
To Be + Subject + Going
To + Verb-1?
Ø Example :
I am sure Jane ..... to Indonesia
next year.
a. Will
move
b. Moving
c. Has
moved
d. Moved
The answered is A
17.
So, Too,
Neither, Either
· So
So + Auxiliary
Verb + Subject
· Too
Subject + Auxiliary
Verb + Too
· Neither
Neither + Auxiliary
Verb + Subject
· Either
Either + Auxiliary
Verb + Not + Subject
Ø
Example :
He came here last night, .... ?
a. Did
she
b. So
did they
c. He
does too
d. So
was she
The answered is B
18.
Adjective
Clauses
Adjective clauses (relative clauses) are like "sentences inside
sentences." The "job" of adjective clauses is to modify(describe,
identify, make specific) the noun phrases that they follow. In their full
forms, adjective clauses have several parts: arelative pronoun (or,
in some cases, another kind of connecting word), a subject,
and a predicate (a verb and, often, other types of words which follow it).
Ø Example :
The house ..... they bought last
month is very big.
a. Whom
b. Why
c. Which
d. Where
The answered is C
19.
Passive Voice
Passive voice is used
when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who
or what is performing the action.
a. Passive voice in all
tenses : his father is always helped (by johan) in the garden (simple present
tense)
b. Passive form of
modals : this novel can be translated (by his brother) into Indonesia
20.
Articles
The
articles in English are the definite article the and the indefinite articles a
and an (and sometimes some). Use of the definite article implies that the
speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the nouns referent.
a. Indefinite article
a-an : a lion is a wild animal
b. Definite article :
she the lady we met at the supermarket yesterday morning
c. Zero article : cat’s
don’t like cold weather
Sumber :
Buku bahasa inggris using grammer second edition
